(PS13-21) Psychosocial Protective and Risk Factors to Suicide Attempts Among African Americans: A Systematic Review

Background: The prevalence rate for suicide among African Americans continues to be lower than the national average in the United States of America, yet an increasing rate of suicide attempts and completions among African Americans is apparent. Fundamental to the prevention and intervention of suicide in the African American population is an increased evaluation and comprehension of unique risk and protective factors. This systematic review examines recent literature on factors influencing suicide attempts among African Americans to generate a more comprehensive understanding of suicidal behaviors in this population.  

Method: Literature was identified by searching online databases in July 2021. Peer-reviewed journal articles were collected from four databases following the PRISMA guidelines: Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Specific keywords (“Black” OR “African American” OR “African-American” AND “Suicid*”) were utilized to search all four databases. Studies were incorporated in this review based on the following inclusion criteria: 1) publication in the English language, 2) published between January 2011 and July 2021, 3) published in a peer-reviewed journal, 4) original study, 5) primarily focus on suicide attempts, 6) primarily focus on African Americans, and 7) evaluated psychosocial protective or risk factors. Covidence was utilized for article title and abstract screening, followed by full-text reviews.  

Results: Of the 4,927 articles identified in the search, 46 were included. In these forty-six studies, twelve primary factors were identified as being associated with suicide attempts among African Americans. Intimate partner violence and childhood abuse were the most frequently listed risk factors, whereas religiosity and social support were the most frequently listed protective factors. Published studies were primarily quantitative and utilized national data.  

Discussion: The findings indicate that self-compassion, social support, and religiosity may be incorporated into suicide prevention and intervention strategies for the African American population. In particular, programs should consider integrating elements that seek to enhance a sense of community and belonging (e.g., family cohesiveness and spirituality in religious settings) among African Americans. The results of this review on suicide attempts among African Americans demonstrate the need for culturally relevant policies and community programs in order to most effectively treat and prevent suicide in this at-risk population.